The Welfare of Animals (Slaughter or Killing) Regulations 1995 (as amended) (WASK) require that all animals are stunned before slaughter, using the methods of stunning prescribed by the Regulations, subject to specific exemptions. The quality grades are based on the degree of marbling (intramuscular fat) in the beef, and the maturity of the animal at slaughter (USDA, 2007). Examples of density-independent factors might include a change in temperature such as an extraordinarily cold or dry winter . The development of many present British breeds was due to the early improvements initiated by Bakewell in the middle of the eighteenth century, who introduced in-breeding, the use of proven sires, selection and culling (Lawrie, 1991). If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. As stated in Lawrie’s research (1991)--the animal grows in two phases, the first one is called growth i.e. light may also control breeding cycles in animals and plants. Factors Affecting Growth Hormones in animals and growth regulators help plants grow at a steady pace. These include the treatment of feed with formalin to protect amino acids during their passage through the rumen, the recycling of manure by feeding it back to cattle mixed with feed concentrates, or the partial conversion of petroleum hydrocarbons to protein through microbial action (Gillespie, 1998). We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. As the beef gets exposed, added bacterial contamination from hands of operators and machineries used occurs (Borch and Arinder, 2002). Chilling in a common bath may result in cross-contamination from Escherichia and Salmonella carriers to free carcasses (Cross et al., 1988). Religious issues surrounding slaughter without pre-stunning were explored in detail in the FAWC report on religious slaughter published in 1985 and have not been reiterated in this report. Beef is a perishable product and may cause public health concerns. and domestication of hump-back cattle (Bos indicus) existed in Mesopotamia by 4500 B.C. Species - Genetic factor ... -refers to an animals growth after a period of nutritional stress-rate of growth is often greater than that exhibited by same animal during normal growth Some of the factors which influence the growth of different living organisms can be divided into two distinct categories, which include internal and external factors. The level of restraint required to expose the throat, perform an effective cut and hold the animal still until it has bled out is greater than is needed for conventional slaughter. This is done immediately after the preparation of the carcass and must last for as short a time as possible to avoid bacterial proliferation (Gracey, 1986). Unfortunately, unusual breeds of cattle are found within a normal breed: dwarf ”Snorter” cattle occur within various breeds in U.S.A., and pronounced muscular hypertrophy, which is often more noticeable in the hind quarters and explains the name ”doppelender” given to the condition, arises in several breeds e.g. This process of deskinning is done manually or mechanical and manual at the same time. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by recessive genes which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding. Small amounts of Vitamin E, Vitamin K and Foliate are present. This is designed to protect bovine animals from any avoidable pain, suffering, agitation, injuries or contusions in the pen and in particular to ensure effective means of restraint and support” (WASK). CLIMATIC FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH . Cattle digest cellulose which is better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in excess, because producing high-quality protein animal feed is expensive. Smoking also imparts specific flavour to meat. Moisture control assists in preventing excessive dehydration of the product stored (Panda, 1986). With the awareness about animal, medical researchers are being conducted to investigate such conditions. See also. The Muslim method of slaughter (Halal) is, in many respects, similar to Shechita. However, pre-slaughter stunning methods for cattle and sheep that have been demonstrated not to kill the animal, such that the heart is still beating, have been deemed acceptable and have routinely been adopted in many Halal slaughterhouses. Hormones in animals and Growth regulators help plants to grow steadily. These factors may vary depending on whether the vitamins are naturally occurring in the feed materials, or added to the diet in a premix form. An analysis is made of environmental factors controlling growth rate and maximum population density of cultured mammalian cells. Also, solutions of exogenous proteolytic enzymes such as papain, bromelin or ficin can be injected to augment the endogenous enzymes (USDA, 2007). Premium steakhouses dry age for 21 to 28 days or wet age up to 45 days for maximum effect on flavor and tenderness.. Salt can improve the flavor, but phosphate can contribute a soapy flavor. Factors Affecting Growth and Development Prepared by: Lovelyn M. Mataac Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Growth, the increases in cell size and number that take place during the life history of an organism. Factors that influence the partition of absorbed nutrients and hence affect body composition include maturity of the animal; level of feeding relative to maintenance; protein absorption relative to requirements; balance of protein to energy in the diet and available for absorption by the animal; prior nutrition that may result in compensatory growth and affect the composition of gain (below); and climatic conditions that may limit growth … Following the deskinning and dressing stage is the washing stage. Meat from bruised animals, improperly bled animals, meat contaminated with faeces during evisceration and meat soiled with dirt from skin tends to spoil early. The climatic factors include water, light, temperature, relative humidity, air and wind. However, minute quantities of Calcium and Manganese are also present. There are several factors that affect growth and development in animals. Hormones in animals and Growth regulators help plants to grow steadily. Poultry are more susceptible to … Limiting factors like the availability of food, water, and shelter can impact an organism's population. 1. Salts assists in preservation of meat while influencing the flavour and texture. The growth and development of meat animals depend on several factors like environment, management practices, and genetics. With Rabbinical approval some premises have adopted a post-cut stun for cattle. Beef carcass quality grading is based on degree of marbling and degree of maturity (Hale et al., 2007). Soil pH content. nutrition microorganisms stress physical activity. It would be convenient if we divide these factors into two broad categories namely – Internal and External Factors. They also reported that adequate bleeding is essential to reduce meat spoilage since blood is a good source of moisture and nutrition for most of the contaminating organisms. FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT GROWTH Plant growth factors control or influence plant characteristics as well as adaptation. The restraining pens used for this purpose require Ministerial approval. Meat from less tender cuts or older cattle can be mechanically tenderized by forcing small, sharp blades through the cuts to disrupt the proteins (Denver, 2003). Good-quality meat can also be attained by feeding concentrates such as barley to beef cattle (Preston et al., 1963). Boxed beef, stored and distributed in vacuum packaging, is, in effect, wet aged during distribution. Animal and plant populations depend on many things for survival. Stunning can be effected through asphyxiating the animals with carbon dioxide, shooting them with a gun or a captive bolt pistol, or shocking them with electric current as reported by Lawrie and Ledward (2006). Climate, which includes both temperature and precipitation, can affect any animals' ability to survive and to be productive in many ways. According to Lawrie and Ledward (2006) in order to satisfy these demands, it will be necessary for meat industry to improve microbial monitoring of production including hygiene and to formulate processes which will give minimal variation in their results. Factors affecting vitamin stability in animal feed There are a number of factors affecting vitamin stability in animal feeds. The secondary container is the outer box or wrap that holds the primary units of food such as jars, cans, tins flexible packages which have no direct contact with the food item. Death results from the one or the other procedure, depending on the methods employed. Light availability – for photosynthesis. In case of cattle animals the moderate or cold temperatures prolong the body development process because of their constant optimal body temperatures. Lawrie (1991) suggested that a beef animal should be well covered with flesh, blocky and compact-thus reducing the proportion of bone whereas in a dairy animal the frame should be angular with relatively little flesh cover, the body should be cylindrical thus accommodating the large digestive tract necessary for efficient conversion of food into milk and mammary tissue should be markedly developed. The ecological factors that affect the growth of plants and determine the nature of plant communities are divided into three types. Cattle are slaughtered by being first stunned and then exsanguinated (bled out). Therefore, it is important to understand the growth processes of animals as different biotic and abiotic factor causes disruption in the processes. Moderate consumption of lean beef is altogether good for cardiovascular health and to prevent cancer risks. 31st Jul 2018 The normal micro flora from the skin of carcasses includes Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli and organisms of fecal origin (Cross and Overby, 1988). Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Fecal matter was a major source of contamination and could reached carcasses through direct deposition, as well as by indirect contact through contaminated and clean carcasses, equipment, workers, installations and air (Borch and Arinder, 2002). The amount of fat in beef carcasses has decreased compared to what it was during the middle of the twentieth century; beef contains about 6 percent less fat (Gillespie, 1998). After the cut has been made the animal must remain restrained until it is bled out before being released, shackled and hoisted. Animals are essential living beings and parts of human ecosystem. The source of these organisms is not clearly understood but in addition to contamination from the skin and intestines, equipments and tools during slaughter and selling of beef may be responsible for some contamination. Fresh beef is most likely to spoil before it will cause food-borne diseases (Gill, 1998). This involves using a sharp knife to deskin the animal while the machine pulls the skin off the animal. For this reason, pre-slaughter stunning methods that are judged to cause physical injuries prior to cutting the throat have been considered unacceptable for this slaughter method. Care must be taken in removing the intestines, as an unintentional incision may result in the distribution of fecal bacteria onto carcass possibly contaminating the beef (Borch and Arinder, 2002). An animal takes years to adult and breed further which makes it important to preserve more before they go endangered. The major objectives in using the packaging material is that it should provide optimum protection to the product packed inside it and to maintain wholesomeness for its anticipated shelf life, while preventing physical, microbial and insect damage with appropriate properties and capacity to preserve its nutritive value in an acceptable way and other quality factors, important in the marketing channel (Panda, 1995). Lawrie (1991) reported that as an animal grows two things happen: first, it increases in weight until mature size is reached; this is called growth and secondly it changes in its body conformation, shapes and its various functions and faculties come into full being; this is referred to as development. Aberdeen Angus has been regarded as the premier breed for good-quality meat (Gerrard, 1951). From human usage to keeping the ecosystem lifecycles balanced, animals have a significant role to play. However, as it is minced for utilization in further processed products, the solution changes. Modern cattle are descendants of Bos indicus and Bos Taurus (Gillespie, 1992). The pH of soils can have a huge effect on the plants that are able to grow in them. It enhances immunity against infections of ear etc., and prevents blood vessel walls from damaging. Experimental reproductive cloning of commercially important meat animals such as sheep, pig or cattle has been successful. There are also density-independent factors which affect populations regardless of their density. Oxygen availability – affects the rate of energy production by respiration. Beef is a popular meat rich in protein, being a red meat had always made it a bad food when it comes to studies and researches (Owen et al., 2005). Also, handling and storage of beef contribute effectively to meat contamination (Beinempaka et al., 1990). *You can also browse our support articles here >. Council has taken account of relevant information generated since then in drawing its conclusions. The intention is to produce an immediate outpouring of blood by severing both jugular veins and both carotid arteries. Smoke also influences the colour of the smoked beef. Rangaswani (1983) reported that meat quality could be enhanced and prolonged when the causes of microbial contamination are drastically reduced or removed altogether. Similarly, solutions of salt and sodium phosphates can be injected to soften and swell the myofibrillar proteins. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. According to Acker and Cunningham (1991), beef is one of the best sources for Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6 Niacin and Riboflavin. The second phase is known as development i.e. The storage place should be clean and preferably cold (400F). Gillespie (1998) stated that plant toxins are also a risk to grazing animals; for instance, fluoracetate, found in some African and Australian plants, kills by disrupting the cellular metabolism. Animal factors that can affect compensatory growth may include the maturity level and fat proportion of the animal at the time of nutrient deprivation, the genotype, the gender, and the metabolic changes. Lawrie (1991) suggested that contamination of beef is a continuing possibility from the moment of bleeding until consumption. Study for free with our range of university lectures! Most of the … This article looks at how people can increase their height during development. This is so because beef from healthy animals are more likely to be free from any microbes unlike diseased cattle. Also in Australia, cattle and sheep in certain areas were often found losing their appetite and dying in the midst of rich pasture; this was at length found to be a result of cobalt deficiency in the soi (Acker and Cunningham, 1991). It is done to preserve and maintain red colour of the meat and also to add flavour. Nutrition, injuries, having a safe place to live, and disease all affect growth and development. Ho… External temperatures affect all animals, especially those that do not maintain constant internal body temperatures. The climatic factors include water, light, temperature, relative humidity, air and wind. The microbiological contamination of carcasses occurs mainly during processing and manipulation, such as skinning, evisceration, storage and distribution at slaughterhouses and retail establishments (Gill, 1998; Abdalla et al., 2009).